"A Look to the Heavens"

"Astronomers Karl Gebhardt of The University of Texas at Austin and Jens Thomas of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics have used new computer modeling techniques to discover that the black hole at the heart of M87, one the largest nearby giant galaxies, is two to three times more massive than previously thought.

Weighing in at 6.4 billion times the Sun's mass, it is the most massive black hole yet measured with a robust technique, and suggests that the accepted black hole masses in nearby large galaxies may be off by similar amounts. This has consequences for theories of how galaxies form and grow, and might even solve a long-standing astronomical paradox. Gebhardt is presenting these results this week at the 214th meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Pasadena, Calif. They will be published later this summer in 'The Astrophysical Journal,' in a paper by Gebhardt and Thomas.

To try to understand how galaxies form and grow, astronomers start with basic census information about today's galaxies. What are they made of? How big are they? How much do they weigh? Astronomers measure this last category, galaxy mass, by clocking the speed of stars orbiting within the galaxy. Studies of the total mass are important, Thomas said, but "the crucial point is to determine whether the mass is in the black hole, the stars, or the dark halo. You have to run a sophisticated model to be able to discover which is which. The more components you have, the more complicated the model is."

To model M87, Gebhardt and Thomas used one of the world's most powerful supercomputers, the Lonestar system at The University of Texas at Austin's Texas Advanced Computing Center. Lonestar is a Dell Linux cluster with 5,840 processing cores and can perform 62 trillion floating-point operations per second. (Today's top-of-the-line laptop computer has two cores and can perform up to 10 billion floating-point operations per second.)

Gebhardt and Jens' model of M87 was more complicated than previous models of the galaxy, because in addition to modeling its stars and black hole, it takes into account the galaxy's "dark halo," a spherical region surrounding a galaxy that extends beyond its main visible structure, containing the galaxy's mysterious "dark matter." "In the past, we have always considered the dark halo to be significant, but we did not have the computing resources to explore it as well," Gebhardt said. "We were only able to use stars and black holes before. Toss in the dark halo, it becomes too computationally expensive. You have to go to supercomputers." The Lonestar result was a mass for M87's black hole several times what previous models have found. "We did not expect it at all," Gebhardt said. He and Jens simply wanted to test their model on "the most important galaxy out there," he said.

Extremely massive and conveniently nearby (in astronomical terms), M87 was one of the first galaxies suggested to harbor a central black hole nearly three decades ago. It also has an active jet shooting light out the galaxy's core as matter swirls closer to the black hole, allowing astronomers to study the process by which black holes attract matter. All of these factors make M87 the "the anchor for supermassive black hole studies," Gebhardt said."

- http://www.physorg.com/news163781722.html